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The Republic of Adygea (;[15] Russian: Респу́блика Адыге́я, tr. Respublika Adygeya; IPA: ; Adyghe: Адыгэ Республик, Adıge Respublik), also known as the Adyghe Republic, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), with its territory enclaved within Krasnodar Krai. Its area is 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi) with a population of 439,996 (2010 Census).[9] Maykop is its capital city.
Adygea lies in southern Eastern Europe, in the foothills of the Western Caucasus in the Caucasus Mountains System, with plains in the northern areas and mountains in the southern area. Forests cover almost 40% of its territory.
The 870-kilometer (540 mi) long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between the Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Other rivers include:
The republic has no large lakes. However, the several large reservoirs include:
The republic's major mountains and peaks range in height from 2,000–3,238 metres (6,562–10,623 ft), and include:
The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.
February 15, 2010 recorded the absolute maximum for the winter months - in the capital, the city of Maikop, the temperature was 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) plus.
Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people.[17] At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.[18]
It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.
On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.[4] The first President of the republic was Aslan Aliyevich Dzharimov, elected in January 1992.
From 2002 to 2007, Russians are discriminated against in Adygea. They advocate the merger of Adygea with Krasnodar Krai, but have so far have had little support for that proposition from the Russian government.
Relations between Adygs and ethnic Russians in Adyghe are currently good. Russians make up two-thirds the population within Adygea[19][19] and the current Head, Aslan Tkhakushinov is an ethnic Adyghe and was elected largely on the support of Russian votes.[20]
The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (raions), two cities/towns, and (at a lower administrative level) five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.
According to the 2010 Census,[9] ethnic Russians make up 63.6% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic Adyghe are 25.8%. Other groups include Armenians (3.7%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Kurds (1.1%), Tatars (0.6%).
Religion in Adygea (2012)[26][27]
According to a 2012 official survey[26] 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 13% to Islam, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox Churches. In addition, 30% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% is atheist and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.[26]
The chief executive of the government of Adygea is the Head (called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for the candidate.[28]
The current Head, Aslan Tkhakushinov (since January 13, 2007), succeeded Hazret Sovmen, appointed by Vladimir Putin, although he received only 2% of the vote in 2002.[29] There is also a directly elected State Council (Khase or Xase—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.
The republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.
The Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.
Even though it is now one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.
Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.
There is a small airport in Maykop (ICAO airport code URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.
The Adyghe language (Adyghabze) is a member of the Northwest Caucasian group of Caucasian languages. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.
There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.
Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.
Russia, Black Sea, Caucasus, Chechnya, Ukraine
Ukraine, India, China, Turkey, United Kingdom
Turkic languages, Russian Orthodox Church, Altai Republic, Sunni Islam, Languages of the Caucasus
Russia, Capital city, Republic of Adygea, Soviet Union, Ufa
Russia, Krasnodar Krai, Caucasus, Circassians, Adygea
Labialization, Russia, Arabic script, Adygea, Northwest Caucasian languages
Turkic languages, Indo-European languages, Uralic languages, Northeast Caucasian languages, Tungusic languages
Russia, Islam, Buddhism, Moscow, Altai Republic
Russian language, Russia, Krasnodar Krai, Adyghe language, Soviet Union