Beer

span> Max Nelson, The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe pp2, Routledge (2005), ISBN 0-415-31121-7.

^ Google Books Richard W. Unger, Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance pp57, University of Pennsylvania Press (2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1.

^ Max Nelson, The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe pp110, Routledge (2005), ISBN 0-415-31121-7.

^ "492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law". Der Spiegel 23 April 2008.

^ ^{a b c} Cornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: The Story of the Pint. Headline.  

^ ^{a b} "Industry Browser — Consumer Non-Cyclical — Beverages (Alcoholic) – Company List". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ ^{a b} "Beer: Global Industry Guide". Research and Markets. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ "Analysis: Premium Chinese beer a bitter brew for foreign brands". Reuters. 3 November 2011. 

^ "Breaking the Home Brewing Law in Alabama". Homebrew4u.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "Roger Protz tries his hand at brewing". Beer-pages.com. June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 

^ ABGbrew.com Steve Parkes, British Brewing, American Brewers Guild.

^ Goldhammer, Ted (2008), The Brewer's Handbook, 2nd ed., Apex, ISBN 978-0-9675212-3-7 pp. 181 ff.

^ Brewingtechniques.com, Randy Mosher, "Parti-Gyle Brewing", Brewing Techniques, March/April 1994

^ "Copper Brewing Vessels". Msm.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ Books.google.co.uk, Michael Lewis, Tom W. Young, Brewing, page 275, Springer (2002), ISBN 0-306-47274-0

^ beer-brewing.com Beer-brewing.com, Ted Goldammer, The Brewers Handbook, Chapter 13 – Beer Fermentation, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), ISBN 0-9675212-0-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008 Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine

^ Google Books Michael Lewis, Tom W. Young, Brewing pp306, Springer (2002), ISBN 0-306-47274-0. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Harold M. Broderick, Alvin Babb, Beer Packaging: A Manual for the Brewing and Beverage Industries, Master Brewers Association of the Americas (1982)

^ Alabev.com The Ingredients of Beer. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ beer-brewing.com Beer-brewing.com Ted Goldammer, The Brewers Handbook, Chapter 6 – Beer Adjuncts, Apex Pub (1 January 2000), ISBN 0-9675212-0-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008 Archived 27 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine

^ BeerHunter.com Michael Jackson, A good beer is a thorny problem down Mexico way, What's Brewing, 1 October 1997. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ ^{a b} "Geology and Beer". Geotimes. August 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ [1] Michael Jackson, BeerHunter, 19 October 1991, "Brewing a good glass of water". Retrieved 13 September 2008.

^ Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brewing/Chemistry. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Farm-direct.co.uk Oz, Barley Malt, 6 February 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Smagalski, Carolyn (2006). "CAMRA & The First International Gluten Free Beer Festival". Carolyn Smagalski, Bella Online. 

^ A. H. Burgess, Hops: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization, Leonard Hill (1964), ISBN 0-471-12350-1

^ ^{a b} Unger, Richard W (2004). Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 54–55.  

^ Books.google.co.uk Richard W. Unger, Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, University of Pennsylvania Press (2004), ISBN 0-8122-3795-1. Retrieved 14 September 2008.

^ "Heatherale.co.uk". Fraoch.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "La Brasserie Lancelot est située au coeur de la Bretagne, dans des bâtiments rénovés de l'ancienne mine d'Or du Roc St-André, construits au 19 ème siècle sur des vestiges néolithiques". Brasserie-lancelot.com. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "Head Retention". BrewWiki. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ "Hop Products: Iso-Extract". Hopsteiner. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ beer.pdqguides.com PDQ Guides, Hops: Clever Use For a Useless Plan. Retrieved 13 September 2008.

^ cat.inist.fr, A better control of beer properties by predicting acidity of hop iso-α-acids, Blanco Carlos A.; Rojas Antonio; Caballero Pedro A.; Ronda Felicidad; Gomez Manuel; Caballero. Retrieved 13 September 2008.

^ Ostergaard, S., Olsson, L., Nielsen, J., Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000 64: 34–50

^ Google Books Paul R. Dittmer, J. Desmond, Principles of Food, Beverage, and Labor Cost Controls, John Wiley and Sons (2005), ISBN 0-471-42992-9

^ Google Books Ian Spencer Hornsey, Brewing pp 221–222, Royal Society of Chemistry (1999), ISBN 0-85404-568-6

^ Web.mst.edu David Horwitz, Torulaspora delbrueckii. Retrieved 30 September 2008.

^ Google Books Y. H. Hui, George G. Khachatourians, Food Biotechnology pp 847–848, Wiley-IEEE (1994), ISBN 0-471-18570-1

^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — A pint of cloudy, please". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ EFSA.europa.eu Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, 23 August 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Food.gov.uk Draft Guidance on the Use of the Terms 'Vegetarian' and 'Vegan' in Food Labelling: Consultation Responses pp71, 5 October 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Giebel, Wieland, ed (1992). The New Germany. Singapore: Höfer Press Pte. Ltd.

^ "Market Segments: Microbrewery". Brewers Association. 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012. 

^ : Bier und Franken at Bierfranken.de (german)

^ Bierland-Oberfranken (German)

^ "New Statesman – What's your poison?". New Statesman. Retrieved 10 November 2010. 

^ "Adelaide Times Online". Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006. 

^ Papazian The Complete Joy of Homebrewing (3rd Edition), ISBN 0-06-053105-3

^ "Brewer to snap up Miller for $5.6B". CNN. 30 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 December 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007. 

^ "InBev Completes Acquisition of Anheuser-Busch" (Press release). AB-InBev. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2012. 

^ News.bbc.co.uk, Will Smale, BBC, 20 April 2006, Is today's beer all image over reality?. Retrieved 12 September 2008.

^ Sixpack, Joe (pseudonym for Don Russell), What the Hell am I Drinking, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4637-8981-7.

^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — How to save a beer style". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ Handbook of Brewing: Processes, Technology, Markets. Wiley. 4 June 2009.  

^ Google Books Lalli Nykänen, Heikki Suomalainen, Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages p. 13, Springer (1983), ISBN 90-277-1553-X.

^ Google books F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing p. 2, CRC Press (2006), ISBN 0-8247-2657-X.

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 13 October 2008. 

^ "ale". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2001. 

^  

^  

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 13 October 2008. 

^ Öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum bjór ("bēor" main entry and supplement, Bosworth & Toller).

^ Oborne, Peter (9 November 2000). "Still bitter after all these years". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 13 October 2008. 

^ "Roger Protz on India Pale ale". beer-pages.com. Retrieved 3 October 2010. 

^ "Porter and Stout". CAMRA. Retrieved 24 February 2010. 

^ Amazon Online Reader : Stout (Classic Beer Style Series, 10).

^ "Porter casts a long shadow on ale history". beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010. 

^ Eric Warner, German Wheat Beer. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications, 1992. ISBN 978-0-937381-34-2.

^ Beerhunter.com Michael Jackson, BeerHunter, "The birth of lager", 1 March 1996. Retrieved 16 September 2008.

^ Eurekalert.org Gavin Sherlock, PhD, EurekAlert, Brewing better beer: Scientists determine the genomic origins of lager yeasts, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2008.

^ Webb, Tim; Pollard, Chris; and Pattyn, Joris; Lambicland: Lambikland, Rev Ed. (Cogan and Mater Ltd, 2004), ISBN 0-9547789-0-1.

^ European Brewery Convention. "The Analysis Committee". Retrieved 5 August 2009. The EBC Analysis Committee also works closely together with the 'American Society of Brewing Chemists' (ASBC) to establish so-called 'International methods' with world-wide recognition of applicability. A partnership declaration between EBC and ASBC has been signed. The integration of the IOB methods of analysis and EBC methods is nearing completion. 

^ Lehigh Valley Homebrewers (2007). "Beer and Brewing Glossary". Retrieved 5 August 2009. IBUs (International Bittering Units) – The accepted worldwide standard for measuring bitterness in beer, also known as EBU, based on the estimated alpha acid percentage of the hops used and the length of time they are boiled. 

^ Google Books Fritz Ullmann, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Vol A-11 pp455, VCH (1985), ISBN 3-527-20103-3

^ British Bitter "A beer style or a way of life?", RateBeer (January 2006). Retrieved 30 September 2008.

^ Martyn Cornell, Beer: The Story of the Pint, Headline (2004), ISBN 0-7553-1165-5

^ BeerHunter Michael Jackson, "A Czech-style classic from Belgium", Beer Hunter Online (7 September 1999). Retrieved 20 September 2008.

^ Google Books Costas Katsigris, Chris Thomas, The Bar and Beverage Book pp320, John Wiley and Sons (2006), ISBN 0-471-64799-3

^ Google Books J. Scott Smith, Y. H. Hui, Food Processing: Principles and Applications pp228, Blackwell Publishing (2004), ISBN 0-8138-1942-3

^ ^{a b} "The 48 proof beer". Beer Break 2 (19) (Realbeer). 13 February 2002. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. 

^ ^{a b} "Scots brewery releases world's strongest and most expensive beer". news.stv.tv. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 

^ Pattinson, Ron (6 July 2007). European Beer Statistics: Beer production by strength. European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. 

^ "Fourth Annual Bend Brew Fest". Bendbrewfest.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ Beer Facts 2003. The Brewers of Europe. 6 January 2004. Retrieved 23 December 2007. 

^ Osborn, Andrew (21 June 2001). School dinner? Mine's a lager, please. The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. 

^ Vetter Brauhaus. Vetter Brauhaus. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008. 

^ In 1994, the 33 Plato gave it the world's highest gravity. Though the beer can no longer make this claim, it is still one of the world's most renowned strong lagers. Rate Beer. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008. 

^ "Schloss Eggenberg". Schloss-eggenberg.at. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter — Mine's a pint of Santa Claus". Beerhunter.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen), a Doppelbock style beer: An unofficial page for Hurlimann Samichlaus from Hürlimann (Feldschlösschen) in Zürich, Switzerland". Ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "Parish: brewery detail from Beermad". beermad.org.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2009. 

^ "Brewery Souvenirs – Parish Brewery". brewerysouvenirs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2009. 

^ "BrewDog — Ghost Deer". brewdog.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011. 

^ The Race to Brew The World's Strongest Ever Beer

^ Welcome to Schorschbräu – Home of the Strongest Beers on Earth

^ "Strongest beer in the world: Brewdog produces 41pc ale". The Daily Telegraph (London). 16 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010. 

^ World's strongest' beer with 32% strength launched"'". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009. 

^ "Buy Tactical Nuclear Penguin". BrewDog Beer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 

^ "All We Can Eat – Beer: Anchors away". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2010. 

^ Carrell, Severin (26 November 2009). "Scottish brewer claims world's strongest beer | Society | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 30 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009. 

^ "Willkommen beim Schorschbräu – Die handwerkliche Kleinbrauerei im Fränkischen Seenland". schorschbraeu.de. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 

^ "Schorschbräu Schorschbock 31% from Kleinbrauerei Schorschbräu – Ratebeer". ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 

^ "Hair of the Dog Dave from Hair of the Dog Brewing Company". ratebeer.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009. 

^ Berkowitz, Ben (29 July 2010). "Brewer claims world's strongest beer". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. 

^ "Welkom bij Brouwerij Het Koelschip". brouwerijhetkoelschip.nl. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010. 

^ "How does the widget in a beer can work?".  

^ "Beer Temperature". cask-marque.co.uk. Retrieved 21 June 2012. 

^ "Draught Beats Bottled in Life Cycle Analysis". treehugger.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 

^ "LCA of an Italian lager". springerlink.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 

^ ^{a b} "Carbon Footprint of Fat Tire Amber Ale". newbelgium.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 

^ "Ecological effects of beer". ecofx.org. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 

^ "When Passions Collide ...". terrapass.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008. 

^ Google books Charles W. Bamforth, Beer: Tap Into the Art and Science of Brewing pp. 58–59, Oxford University Press US (2003), ISBN 0-19-515479-7. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ Google Books T. Boekhout, Vincent Robert, Yeasts in Food: Beneficial and Detrimental Aspects pp. 370–371, Behr's Verlag DE (2003), ISBN 3-86022-961-3. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

^ "European Beer Statistics—beer sales by package type". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2007. 

^ Pack Web Asia - Full aperture end technology makes drinking easy

^ "Beer Packaging Secrets". All About Beer Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007. From a quality point of view, cans are much like bottles. 

^ "Holsten-Brauerei Pet Line for Bottled Beer, Brunswick, Germany". Packaging-Gateway.com. Retrieved 5 November 2007. 

^ RealBeer Beyond the coldest beer in town, 21 September 2000. Retrieved 11 October 2008.

^ Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson's Beer Companion, Courage Books; 2 edition (27 February 2000), ISBN 0-7624-0772-7

^ Google Books Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey, Ian R. Tyrrell, Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History pp95, ABC-CLIO (2003), ISBN 9781576078334

^ Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation. Cengage Learning. 2004.  

^ Google Books Howard Hillman, The New Kitchen Science pp178, Houghton Mifflin Books (2003), ISBN 0-618-24963-X

^ Google Books Robert J. Harrington, Food and Wine Pairing: A Sensory Experience pp. 27–28, John Wiley and Sons (2007), ISBN 0-471-79407-4

^ Cask Marque Standards & Charters. Retrieved 11 October 2008.

^ F. G. Priest, Graham G. Stewart, Handbook of Brewing (2006), 48

^ "How Miller Brands partners with licensees to drive sales". thepublican.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2009. 

^ Google Books Ray Foley, Heather Dismore, Running a Bar For Dummies pp. 211–212, For Dummies (2007), ISBN 0-470-04919-7.

^ Leslie Dunkling & Michael Jackson, The Guinness Drinking Companion, Lyons Press (2003), ISBN 1-58574-617-7

^ Best Drinking Game Book Ever, Carlton Books (28 October 2002), ISBN 1-85868-560-5

^ Sherer, Michael (1 June 2001). "Beer Boss". Cheers. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 

^ Dietler, Michael (2006), "Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives", Annual Review of Anthropology, vol.35, pp.229-249 

^ "Beer Production Per Capita". European Beer Guide. Archived from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006. 

^ Carley Tonoli; Liz Minchin (16 April 2013). "Beer on the brain: how taste alone can drive men to drink". The Conversation. The Conversation Media Group. Retrieved 18 April 2013. 

^ Linda Murphy (4 May 2006). "Chipotle beer heats up Cinco de Mayo". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 September 2007. 

^ John Foyston (18 July 2007). "Fred Eckhardt 's Beer-and-Cheese Tasting". The Beer Here blog (Oregonian). Retrieved 17 September 2007. 

^ Fletcher, Janet (17 February 2005). "Forget wine and cheese parties -- the true soul mate for fromage isn't made from grape juice.". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 September 2007. 

^ Strong, Andrea (2 September 2007). "STIR FRY IT UP". New York Post. Retrieved 17 September 2007. 

^ Protz, Roger, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (15 January 2009). Let's hear it for beer

^ Cole, Melissa, The Guardian: Word of Mouth (27 January 2009). The eye of the ale storm

^ The Guardian: Word of Mouth (6 February 2009). Beer-drinking sadsacks strike back

^ Stampfer MJ, Kang JH, Chen J, Cherry R, Grodstein F (January 2005). "Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women". N Engl J Med. 352 (3): 245–53.  

^ Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J (February 2001). "Genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 344 (8): 549–55.  

^ Berger K, Ajani UA, Kase CS (November 1999). "Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians". N Engl J Med. 341 (21): 1557–64.  

^ Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA (January 2003). "Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men". N Engl J Med. 348 (2): 109–18.  

^ Bamforth, C. W. (17–20 September 2006). "World Grains Summit 2006: Foods and Beverages". San Francisco, California, USA. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 

^ Harden A, Zilva SS (1924). "Investigation of Barley, Malt and Beer for Vitamins B and C". Biochem J. 18 (5): 1129–32.  

^ "Non-alcoholic beer may help mice fight cancer". Reuters. 21 January 2005. 

^ "Double benefit from alcohol-free beer". Food Navigator. 17 May 2005. 

^ Edell, Dean (2004). Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 191–192. 

^ "'"Drink binges 'cause beer belly. BBC News. 28 November 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2006. 

^ Skilnik, Bob. Is there maltose in your beer?. Realbeer. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2007. 

^ Sugar, Jenny (25 October 2013). "Calories in Popular Beers". Fitsugar.com. Retrieved 10 October 2013. 

^ "Recuperation" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ "EthnoMed: Traditional Foods of the Central Ethiopian Highlands". Ethnomed.org. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ Surina, Asele; Mack, Glenn Randall (2005). Food culture in Russia and Central Asia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.  

^ "Research & Culture, Kathmandu rich in Culture, Machchhendranath Temple, Akash Bhairav Temple, Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, Temple of Kumari Ghar, Jaishi Dewal, Martyr's Memorial (Sahid) Gate, Singha Durbar". Trek2himalaya.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008. 

^ Books.google.co.uk, Lewin Louis and Louis Levin, Phantastica: A Classic Survey on the Use and Abuse of Mind-Altering Plants, Inner Traditions / Bear & Company (1998), ISBN 0-89281-783-6

^ Anthropological Society of London (1863). The Anthropological Review. Trübner.  

^ Nardini, M (2004). "Determination of free and bound phenolic acids in beer". Food Chemistry 84: 137.  

^ Nikolic, D; Li, Y; Chadwick, LR; Grubjesic, S; Schwab, P; Metz, P; Van Breemen, RB (2004). "Metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus), by human liver microsomes". Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 32 (2): 272–9.  

^ "Hops: Humulus lupulus". Retrieved 14 February 9. 

^ Szlavko, Clara M. (1973). "Tryptophol, Tyrosol and Phenylethanol-The Aromatic Higher Alcohols in Beer". Journal of the Institute of Brewing 79 (4): 283.  

^ Ribéreau-Gayon, P.; Sapis, J. C. (1965). "On the presence in wine of   (Article in French)