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This is a list of ancient cities, towns, villages, and fortresses in and around Thrace and Dacia. A number of these settlements were Dacian and Thracian, but some were Celtic, Greek, Roman, Paeonian, or Persian.
A number of cities in Dacia and Thrace were built on or close to the sites of preexisting Dacian or Thracian settlements. Some settlements in this list may have a double entry, such as the Paeonian Astibo and Latin Astibus. It is believed that Thracians did not build true cities even if they were named as such; the largest Thracian settlements were large villages.[1] The only known attempt to build a polis by the Thracians was Seuthopolis.[2][3] Some of the Dacian settlements and fortresses employed the traditional Murus Dacicus construction technique.
Note: Throughout these lists, an asterisk [*] indicates that the toponym is reconstructed.
Many city names of the Dacians were composed of an initial lexical element affixed to -dava, -daua, -deva, -deba, -daba, or -dova, which meant "city" or "town" in the Dacian language.
The endings -bria ("town, city"), -disza, -diza, -dizos ("fortress, walled settlement"), -para, -paron, -pera, -phara ("town, village") are from the Thracian language, as are numerous other lexical elements in this list. Strabo translated -bria as polis, but that may not be accurate.[17] Thracian -disza, -diza, and -dizos are derived from Proto-Indo-European *dheigh-, "to knead clay", hence to "make bricks", "build walls", "wall", "walls", and so on. These Thracian lexical items show a satemization of PIE *gh-. Cognates include Ancient Greek teichos ("wall, fort, fortified town", as in the town of Didymoteicho) and Avestan daēza ("wall").
A large number of Roman castra, towns and cities were built after the conquest of Thrace, Moesia, and Dacia. Many were constructed on top of existing Dacian and Thracian structures, often inheriting their native names, usually in a Latinized form.
Some were built near the ruins of destroyed native settlements or fortresses, and in such cases mostly Roman structures survived. All of these towns were connected on Roman road networks built throughout the region, as described in ancient sources like Ptolemy's Geographia (c. 150 AD) and Tabula Peutingeriana (2nd century AD). Many fortified settlements were also part of limes.
Cluj County, Bucharest, Romania, Transylvania, Hungarian language
Bulgaria, Attica, Black Sea, Rome, Romania
Thasos, Thrace, Celts, Ancient Greek, Cotys I (Odrysian)